过去完成时练习_过去完成时填空
!!!!初中英语语法:直接引语变间接引语? 高手请进,详细点...!!
| | | | 不可数名词|一、如何变人称:
过去完成时练习_过去完成时填空
过去完成时练习_过去完成时填空
学生在将直接引语变间接引语时。常常弄不清人称变化。下面有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾,第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时,如果从句中的主语是人称或被人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如:
She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时,若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用人称,如:
He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"→He asked Kate how her sister was then。
“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如:
Mr Smith said。 "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。
二、如何变时态:
直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。
现在时它需改为过去时态;过去时态改为完成时;过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如:
1)She said. "I he lost a pen."→She said she had lost a pen
2)She said. "We hope so."→She said they hoped so.
3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"→She said he would go to see his friend。
(1) 一般现在时变为一般过去时
(2) 现在进行时变为过去进行时
(3) 一般将来时变为过去将来时
(4) 现在完成时变为过去完成时
(5) 一般过去时变为过去完成时
(6) 过去完成时不变,仍为过去完成时
但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时,时态一般不变化。
①直接引语是客观真理。
"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. → The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
②直接引语是过去进行时,时态不变。如:
Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。
③直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语,变为间接引语时,时态不变。如:
Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" →Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。
④直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作,变间接引语,时态不变。如:
He said, "I get up at six ry morning。" →He said he gets up at six ry morning。
⑤如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式(例:ought to, had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时,(例:could, should, would, might)不再变。如:
Peter said. "You had better co7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词 如:he breakfast,play chese he today。" →Peter said I had better go there that day。
三、如何变状语:
直接引语变间接引语,状语变化有其内在规津,时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”(例:now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before)地点状语,尤其表示方向性的,或用指示代词修饰的状语,由“此”改为“彼”(例:this 改为that),如:
He said, "These books are mine." →He said those books were his.
指示代词
this……these
these……those
表示时间的词
now……then
today……that day
this week(month ,etc)……that week (month ,etc)
yesterday……the day before
last wee主语是谓语动作的使动方。也就是说谓语的动作源自主语,而施加于宾语。相反,被动语态中,主语是谓语动作的受动方,如果有宾语的,宾语往往是谓语动作的使动方。k(month ,etc)……the week(month ,etc) before
three days (a year ,etc) ago……three days (a year. etc) before
tomorrow……the next (following ) day
next week (month ,etc)……the next (following ) week (month ,etc)
表地点的词
here……there
动词
bring……take
come……go
四、如何变句型:
①直接引语如果是陈述句,间接引语应改为由that的宾语从句。如:She said, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes."→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.
②直接引语如果是反意疑问句,选择疑问句或一般疑问句,间接引语应改为由wher或if的宾语从句.如:He said, "Can you swim, John?" →He asked John if he could swim.
"You he finished the homework, hen‘t you?" my mother asked. →My mother asked me wher I had finished the homework.
"Do you go to school by bus or by bike?" →He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.
③直接引语如果是特殊问句,间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词的宾语从句(宾语从句必须用陈述句语序)。
She asked me, "When do they he their dinner?"→ She asked me when they had their dinner.
④直接引语如果是祈使句,间接引语应改为"l(ask, order, beg等) (not) to do sth."句型。如:
"Don’t make any noise," she said to the children. →She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. "Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she.→She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.
⑤直接引语如果是以“Let‘s”开头的祈使句,变为间接引语时,通常用“suggest +动句词(或从句)。”如:
He said, "Let’s go to the film." →He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.
1.人称的改变,如:
He says,"I like this book."---He says (that) he likes that book.
2.动词,指示代词的改变,如:
come--go, this--that ,these--those
3.时间状语,地点状语的改变,如:
4.当主句用一般过去时,间接引语用相应的过去某种时态,如:
He said,"I will come here again tomorrow."--He said(that)he would go there again the next day.
He asked,"Are you happy?"--He asked me if I was happy.
6.直接引语为陈述句,用that间接引语, that可省略
7.直接引语为一般疑问句,用if 或wher.
8.直接引语为特殊疑问句,用原来的疑问词
9.待续
英语现在完成时的学习方法和练习
It is as pleasant a day as I he r spent.现在完成时是英文时态的一种
11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词现在完成时的用法
主语+he(has)+过去分词(done)
(1.)定义:现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I he no money to spend now.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是:简已经摆桌子.)
Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)
(2.)定义2: 现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的情况,常与for,since连用.
Mary has been ill for three days.
I he lived here since 1998.
注意: 1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用,如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等,除非与for,since连用.
2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already, yet, just, before, recently,still, lay等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I hen't seen much of him recently (lay).
We he seen that film before.
He they found the missing child yet
3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如often, sometimes, r, nr, tw, on sral occasion等:
He you evD. r意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为nr,此两词常用于完成时。er been to Beijing
I he nr heard Bunny say anything against her.
I he used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on sral occasions.
4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等:
Peter has written six s so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries he been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present rything has been successful.
5. 现在完成时表示现在之前业已完成的动作,虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续,但是有一些现在完成时的句子,在后面加上for+一段时间,则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性.
Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语)
Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.(同第2点用法个例句)
6. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.
We he had four texts this semester.
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现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”
1.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如:He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如:nr,r,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning / month /year...,today等)连用。
例如: He you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?
2.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。
例如:He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)
I he been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far)等。
例如:I he heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
注意:(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如:come,go,arrive,lee,join,become,die等。
(2)现在完成时常见两种句型:
①for短语
②It is+一段时间+ since从句
3.一段时间+has passed+since从句
4.主语+he / has been+since短语
例如:He has been in the League for three years.
或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了
一.he/has been doing sth.
for和since的运用
for表示及“经历(一段时间)”,而since表示“从……以来”。常见结构:
for+一段时间;since+一段时间+ago;since+一个时间点;since+从句
如:He has stayed here for 3 hours .他留在这儿已经有三个小时了。
He has stayed here since 3 hours ago.他三个小时前就已经留在这儿了。
He has stayed here since 3 o'clock. 他从三点钟一直留在这儿。
1.现在完成进行时
当后面接有一段时间的词时,或是加表示时间的词时,可以用现在完成时.如果这件事现在还在持续或还在做,则可用
现在完成进行时.
如:I he been skating for 4 hours.
I he finished my homework.
2.现在完成时的被动语态.
后接动词的过去分词.
如:The building has been built for 5 years.
二.一般现在时:用动词原形
一般过去时:用动词的过去式
一般将来时:will/shall+do
is/am/are going to do
过去将来时:could/would do
现在完成时:he/has done
过去完成时:had done
将来完成时:shall he done
过去将来完成时:would/could he done
现在进行时:is/am/are doing
过去进行时:was/were doing
将来进行时:will/shall be doing
过去将来进行时:would/could be doing
现在完成进行时:he/has been doing
过去完成进行时:had been doing
过去将来完成进行时:would he been doing
此时态一般在中学学习
过去分词的构成:
1 、规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则:
⑴、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ”。
work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited
⑵、以“ e ”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。
lived---lived---lived ,
⑶、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried ,
play---played---played ,stay---stayed---stayed
⑷、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
2 、不规则动词:不规则动词的过去分词要特别牢记,详见课后附录中的不规则动词表.
两种时态的区分:
( 1 )、一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式,而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是“助动词 he/ has + 过去分词”。
(2) 、一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如: yesterday, last week , two years ago ,just now ,in 2002 等;而现在完成时则常与 just ,already ,r ,nr 等副词和 these days ,this week ,since ......, for ...... 等表示一段时间的状语连用。
试比较以下几组句子,有什么区别:
① A:He you seen the film ?
B:Did you see the film ?
分析:你看过这部吗?( A )句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解;( B )句强调的是看这部的动作是否发生过,并不强调是否知道其内容。
B:How did he do it ?
分析:他是怎么做的这件事?( A )句强调的是他做着件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响;( B )句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。
③ A:He has lived in Beijing for 8 years .
B:He lived in Beijing for 8 years .
分析:他在住了 8 年。( A )句讲的是到目前为止他在住了 8 年,可能还会继续在住下去。( B )句讲的是他在住过 8 年,现在已经不在了。
(2)现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果,而一般过去时与现在没有联系,只是说明某个动作发生的时间是在过去。
比:I he washed the car. 我洗过了车。(看上去很漂亮)
I washed the car a moment ago. 我刚才洗过车了。
She has watered the flowers. 她已经浇了花。(不需要再浇了)
She watered the flowers yesterday. 她昨天浇的花。
I he written the letter but I hen't ted it yet. 信我已经写好了,但还没有寄出。
I wrote the letter last week and I ted it three days ago. 我上周写的那封信,3天前寄出的。
(3)现在完成时表示的动作或状态延续到现在并可能延续下去,而一般过去时则单纯表示过去某段时间内的经历。
比:It has rained for five hours. 雨已经下了5个小时了。
It rained for live hours yesterday. 昨天下了5个小时的雨。
He has waited for her for two hours. 他等她已经两个小时了。
He waited for her two hours and then went home. 他等她等了两个小时,然后就回家了。
I he reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我已经复习了两课。(说话时还在上午)
I reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我复习了两课。(说话时已是下午或晚上)
用在现在完成时态和过去完成时态的动词的过去分词的构成与动词过去时的构成相似。规则动词的过去式和过去分词是一样,不规则动词的过去式、过去分词如下表:
am (是) –was--been is(是)--was---been are(是)--were ---been
begin(开始)--began--begun bring(拿来)--brought--brought come(来)--came--come
catch(捉住)--caught—caught cut(砍,割)--cut--cut dig(挖,掘)--dug--dug
do(做,干)--did--done draw(画画,拉)--drew--drawn drink(喝)--drank--drunk
drive(驾驶)--drove--driven eat(吃)--ate--eaten fall(跌倒,落下)--fell--fallen
feel(感觉)--felt--felt fly(飞)--flew--flown get(获得)--got--gotten
give(给)---ge--given go(去)--went--gone grow(生长)--grew--grown he
(has)(有)--had--had hurt(伤害)--hurt--hurt keep(保持)--kept--kept
know(知道,认识)--knew--known learn(学习)--learnt--learnt lee (离开)--left--left
let(让)--let--let lie(躺,平放)--lay--lain make(使得,做)--made--made
may(可以)--might--might read(读)--read--read ride (骑)--rode--ridden ring
(鸣铃)--rang--rung run (跑)--ran--run say (说)--said--said see (看见)--saw--seen
sell (卖)--sold--sold send(送)--sent--sent set (放)--set--set
sing(唱歌)--sang--sung sleep (睡觉)--slept--slept ell(闻)--elt--elt
speak(说话)--spoke --spoken spend (花费)--spent--spent stand
(站立)--stood--stood swim (游泳)--swam--swum take (拿到)--took--taken
teach(教)--taught--taught l (告诉)--told--told think(认为)--thought--thought
throw(投掷)--threw--thrown understand(懂得)--understood--understood
wake(唤醒)--woke--woken wear(穿)--wore--worn win(获胜)--won --won write(写)
--wrote--written
一、用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1.I___already____(see)the film.I___(see)it last week.
2.__ he ____(finish) his work today ? Not yet .
3.___you ___(be)to Hong Kong ?Yes,I ____(be)there tw .
4.__ yo ____(eat )chocolate sundaes? No, nr.
5.My father ____just ____(come) back from work.He is tired now.
6.Where's Li Ming? He____(go)to the teacher's off.
7.Shanghai ___(be) a all town dreds of years ago. Now it ____ (become) a large city.
8.I ____ (work) here since I ____ (move) here in 1999.
9.So far I ____(make) quite a few friends here.
10.How long ___the Wangs ___(stay) here?For two weeks.
1.he seen saw 2.has finished 3.he been he been 4.he ate 5.he just 6.has gone 7.had been has became 8.he been working moved 9.made 10.he stayed
二。单行选择
1.The twins can speak good Chinese because they_____China for 6 years.
A.he been to B.hecome to C.he been in D.he gone to
2._____he you lived in Beijing?
3.Where is Tom? I can't find him anywhere.
He_____back for a holiday.
A.went B.goes C.has gone D.will go
4.Has john come_____?
Yes.He has_____been here for 10 minutcs.
A.yet,already B.already,yet C.already,already D.yet,yet
5.They_____about eight dred English words by the end of last term.
A.will learn B.has learned C.are going to learn D.had learned
6.I hen't finished reading the book_____.
A.just B.already C.r D.yet
7.He has_____seen the film,has he?
A.already B.nr C.r D.yet
8._____yo_____fast food?
A.Did,eat B.He,eaten C.Are,eat D.He,eat
9.We_____the Baiyun Hills last weekend.
A.he climbed B.are climbing C.climbing D.was climbing
10.The boy_____finished his homework yet.
A.hasn't B.didn't C.wasn't D.doesn't
A D C A D D A B A A
虚拟语气练习题:不要只回答还要分析一下。 谢谢大家!
1.c or后面的虚拟语气对过去进行推测,可用might或should+he done
2 c would rather 后接一般现在时或We need various steels. (可数)将来时的从句,从句谓语用一般过去时,did1.He must be home by now. (断定他已到家)n't lee
would rather 后接一般过去时的从句,从句谓语用过去完4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如:成时。
3.d 对过去的虚拟语气,wish+had done 省略到had
1过去完成时能否跟一个时间点,为什么 2现在完成时与一般现在时的区别,请用汉语举例说明
1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化不可以,完成时都要加一段时间。Australians Australian Australians
现在完成时强调过去发生的事对现在的影响,一般现在My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。时是客观事实或真理
1.过去完成时常常有些标志如by now,这就可以当作一个时间点
2.现在是表示现在的一种时态也可以表示一种经常的动作。完成时态表示的是过去发生的一件事对现在的影响,并有可能继续影响下去。例如说一个人从某时间点开始做某事对于现在的时间还在做并有可能继续做下去,是否停下未知。
初二上英语语法总结
将来完成进行时:shall he been doing11.1 一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语: ry…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:
I lee home for school at 7 ry morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于东部。
3) 表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 证实了地球是圆的。
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
句用一般现在时,用于作演示或指导说明的性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。
11.2 一般过去时的用法
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢。
Whenr the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。
It is time that . did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ,例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather . did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:I thought you might he some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for sn years. (含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:
Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗?
I wondered if you could me. 能不能帮我一下。
2)情态动词 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如:
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。
be used to + doing: 对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如:
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。
典型例题
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。
11.4 一般将来时
1) shall用于人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如:
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at sn this ning? 今晚七点回家好吗?
2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。
a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b. ,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going3)句型:It is time for . to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如:It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。
3) be +不定式表将来,按或正式安排将发生的事。例如:
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如:
He is about to lee for Beijing. 他马上要去。
注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如:
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as sible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the ror.
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或。例如:
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排)
11.7 一般现在时表将来
1)下列动词come, go, arrive, lee, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:
The train lees at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。
2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3)在时间或条件句中。例如:
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。
I hope they he a n time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you lee the room. 离间前,务必把窗户关了。
11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, lee, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如:
I'm leing tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?
11.9 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:he (has) +过去分词。
11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, r, nr, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lay 等。
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, lee, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:
I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了)
I he seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,的内容已经知道了)
Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了)
Who hasn't handed in his ? (强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)
He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1)It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:
It is the first time that I he visited the city. 这是我次访问这城市。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我次听他唱歌。
注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is +形容词+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如:
This is the best film that I've (r) seen. 这是我看过的的。
典型例题
(1)他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。 ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. he been C. came D. am coming
B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。
(2) ---He you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. n, come B. n, he come C. r, come D. r, he come
注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
(错)I he received his letter for a month.
(对)I hen't received his letter for almost a month.
11.12 比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:
I he lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
I he lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)
I he worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)
注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
11.13 since的四种用法
1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。例如:
I he been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在这儿。
2) since +一段时间+ ago。例如:
I he been here since five months ago. 我在这儿,已经有五个月了。
3) since +从句。例如:
Great changes he taken place since you left. 你走后,变化可大了。
Great changes he taken place since we were here. 我们走后,变化可大了。
4) It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如:
It is two years since I became a tgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。
1) 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如:
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2) 用于till / until从句的异
延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如:
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her sral times.
A. had met B. he met C. met D. meet
B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,sral times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. he been B. had been C. was D. will be
A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。
11.15 过去完成时
1) 概念:表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2) 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如:
She said (that)she had nr been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:
When the pol arrived, the this had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, supe等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"。例如:
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如:
He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。
汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the off.
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意: had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如:
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门,他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如:
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。
11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如:
When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。
My aunt ge me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。
2 ) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如:
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如:
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11.17 将来完成时
1) 构成will he done
2) 概念
a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:
They will he been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:
You will he reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了。
11.18 现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法:
a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如:
We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)
c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:
The lees are turning red. 叶子在变红。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
d. 与always, constantly, forr 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如:
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。
典型例题
My dictionary ___, I he looked for it rywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, hen't found D. is missing, hen't found.
D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。
11.19 不用进行时的动词
1)表示事实状态的动词,如he, belong, sess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I he two brothers. 我有两兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。
2)表示心理状态的动词,如know, realize, think see, beli, supe, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your . 我需要你的帮助。
He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。
3)瞬间动词,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如:
I accept your a. 我接受你的劝告。
4)系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, ell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如:
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。
11.20 过去进行时
1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。
3) 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last ning, when, while等。例如:
It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。
典型例题
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is C. was D. makes
C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。
2) As she ___ the news, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read;was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell
B.句中的as = when, while,意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell(fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fall sick。
情态动词用法归纳
情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,但要与不带to的普通动词的不定式一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等。
情态动词后面加动词原形。
情态动词有can (could), may (might), must, he to, shall (should, will (would), dare (dared), need (needed), ought to等。 情态动词无人称和数的变化;不能单独使用,必须与其后的动词原形构成谓语
一、 can, could
1) 表示能力(体力、知识、技能)。
Can you lift this hey box?(体力)
Mary can speak three languages.(知识)
Can you skate?(技能)
此时可用be able to代替。Can只有一般现在时和一般过去式;而be able to则有更多的时态。
I’ll not be able to come this afternoon.
当表示“经过努力才得以做成功某事”时应用be able to,不能用Can。如:
He was able to go to the party yesterday ning in spite of the hey rain.
2) 表示请求和允许。
-----Can I go now?
----- Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.
此时可与may互换。在疑问句中还可用could,
might代替,不是过去式,只是语气更委婉,不能用于肯定句和答语中。
---- Could I come to see you tomorrow?
---- Yes, you can. ( No, I’m afraid not. )
3) 表示客观可能性(客观原因形成的能力)。
They’ve changed the timetable, so we can go by bus instead.
This hall can hold 500 people at least.
4) 表示推测(惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度),用于疑问句、否定句和感叹句中。
Can this be true?
This can’t be done by him.
How can this be true?
1) 表示请求和允许。might比 may语气更委婉,而不是过去式。否定回答时可用can’t
或mustn’t,表示“不可以,禁止”。
----Might/ May I oke in this room?
---- No, you mustn’t.
---- May/Might I take this book out of the room?
---- Yes, you can. (No, you can’t / mustn’t. )
用May I...?征徇对方许可时比较正式和客气,而用Can I...?在口语中更常见。
2)用于祈使句,表示祝愿。
May you succeed!
3) 表示推测、可能性(不用于疑问句)。
might不是过去式,它所表示的可能性比may小。
1.He may /might be very busy now.
2.Your mother may /might not know the truth.
三、 must, he to
1) 表示必须、必要。
You must come in time.
在回答引出的问句时,如果是否定的,不能用mustn’t(禁止,不准),而用needn’t, don’t he to(不必).
---- Must we hand in our exercise books today?
---- Yes, you must.
---- No, you don’t he to / you needn’t.
2) must是说话人的主观看法, 而he to则强调客观需要。Must只有一般现在时, he to 有更多的时态形式。
1. he play isn’t interesting, I really must go now.
2. I had to work when I was your age.
3) 表示推测、可能性(只用于肯定的陈述句)
1. You’re Tom’s good friend, so you must know what he likes best.
2. Your mother must be waiting for you now.
四、 dare, need
1) dare作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中, 过去式形式为dared。
1. How dare you say I’m unfair?
2. He daren’t speak English before such a crowd, dare he?
3. If we dared not go there that day, we couldn’t get the beautiful flowers.
2) need 作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句。在肯定句中一般用must, he to, ought to, should代替。
1.You needn’t come so early.
2. ---- Need I finish the work today?
---- Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t.
3) dare和 need作实义动词用时, 有人称、时态和数的变化。在肯定句中,dare后面常接带to的不定式。在疑问句和否定句中,dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。而need后面只能接带to的不定式。
1. I dare to swim across this river.
2. He doesn’t dare (to) answer.
3. He needs to finish his homework today.
五、 shall, should
1) shall 用于人称,征求对方的意见。
What shall we do this ning?
2) shall 用于第二、三人称,表示说话人给对方的命令、、允诺或威胁。
1. You shall fail if you don’t work hard.()
2. He shall he the book when I finish it.(允诺)
3. He shall be punished.(威胁)
六、 will, would
1) 表示请求、建议等,would更委婉。
Will / Would you pass me the ball, please?
2) 表示意志、愿望和决心。
2. They asked him if he would go abroad.
3) would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would表示过去习惯时比used to正式,且没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。
1. During the vacation, he would visit me ry other day.
2. The wound would not heal.
4) 表示估计和猜想。
It would be about ten o’clock when she left home.
七、 should, ought to
1) should, ought to表示“应该”,ought to表示义务或,比should语气重。
1. I should her because she is in trouble.
2. You ought to take care of the baby.
2) 表示劝告、建议和命令。should, ought to可通用,但在疑问句中常用should。
1. You should / ought to go to class right away.
2. Should I open the window?
3) 表示推测
should , ought to (客观推测), must(主观推测)。
2.He ought to/should be home by now.(不太肯定)
3. This is where the oil must be.(直爽)
4. This is where the oil ought to/should be.(含蓄)
初二英语语法有哪些
…也一样看你的初二英语书后面的附录就可以了,你一定可以找到的!只不过那讲的简单了点,想好好学就赵本初中语法书看看吧,比如英语语法。现在的孩子啊,怎么都不会学习呢。。。;
② A:How has he done it ?常用动名词的短语
1、 enjoy /like /love doing sth. 喜欢做某事
2、 keep /keep on /carry on / go on doing sth.
继续做某事
3、feel like doing sth. 想要做某事
4、practise doing sth. 练习作某事
5、give up doing sth. 放弃作某事
6、be good at= do well inon doing sth. 擅长作某事
7、pay attention to doing sth. 注意作某事
8、事
11、be used for doing sth./ be used to do sth. 、
被用来作某事
12、spend …(in) doing sth. 花时间作某时
13、be busy doing/ with sth. 忙于作某事
14、finish doing sth. 作完某时
15、look forward to doing. 盼望做某事
16、prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 喜欢…胜过…
17、be/get used to doing sth. 习惯作某事
18、keep / stop/ prnt . from doing sth.
阻止某人作某事
三、省略动词不定式的短语
1、一看二听三使役
see/ hear/ feel/ not/ look at /listen to . do sth.
看见/听见/感觉/注意某人作某事
make /let /he . do sth. 使/让某人做某事
2、 . (to) do sth/ with sth.帮助某人作某事
3、 had better (not) do sth. (不)做某事
4、 Why don’t you/ not do sth.为什么不作某事
5、Would /Will / Could you please (not) do sth.
请你(不)作某事好吗?
四、 同义词比较
1、 stop to do sth. 停下正在做的事去作另一件事
stop doing sth. 停止正在作的事
eg. When the teacher came into the classroom, the students stopped talking. After he worked for an hour, he stopped to he a rest.
2、 forget / remember 11. 动词的时态to do sth.
忘记/记得要去作某事
forget / remember doing sth.
忘记记得曾经做过某事
eg. Please remember to bring my book to school.
I remember doing my homework
3、 used to do sth. 过去常常作某事
be used to do sth. 被用来作某事
be used to doing sth. 习惯于作某事
eg. My father used to oke.
Wood is used to make .
I am used to getting up early.
4、So +be/助动词/情态动词 + 主语
So +主语+be/助动词/ 情态动词
是呀,表示赞同别人的观点
Neither + be /助动词/ 情态动词+主语
…也不一样(用于否定句)
eg. He has been to Beijing. So he I.
It’s a fine day. So it is.
She doesn’t like eggs. Neither do I.
5、 too…to do sth. 太…而不能…
so +adj. /a + that(从句) 如此…以致…
such +(a/an +adj.)+n.+ that(从句)
如此…以致…
(not) enough (for .) to do sth.
(对某人来说)做某事(不)够
eg. The boy is too young to go to school.
The boy is so young that he can’t go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can’t go to school.
The boy is not old enough to go to school.
五、常考知识点
1、keep +adj. 保持…状态
keep (.) doing sth.
继续做某事/使某人老是做某事
eg. Everyone should keep our classroom clean.
It’s too late, but he still keeps working.
Lily always keeps us waiting for her.
2、make+ . + n. 使某人成为
make + . + adj. 使某人…
make . do sth. 使某人做某事
Sb. be made to sth. 某人被迫做某事
eg. We made Peter our monitor.
Books make us happy.
He often makes me laugh.
The workers were made to work 12 hours a day.
3、I don’t think that 我认为…不
eg. I don’t think you are right.
4、It’s /was/has been+ some time +since+一般过去时… 自从…以来有多久了
eg. It has been two years since we met last time.
6、 What do you mean by?=What does .. mean?=what is the meaning of...?
是什么意思?
eg. What do you mean by “comr”?=What does “comr” mean?=what is the meaning of "comr"?
7、 What do you think of…/How do you like …?
你认为…怎么样?
8、 What is/was/will …be like? ..怎么样?
eg. What is the weather like?
What will the life in the future be like?
9、 It’s said/ reported that… 据说/据
It's well known that 众所周知
It's thought that 大家认为
eg. It’s said that the population of the word would be 6 billion in 2050.
10、one of the +形容词+名词复数
…其中之一
eg. Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.
11、neither…nor… 既不…也不(两者都不)
either…or…要么…要么/或者…或者/不是…就是
not only…but also… 不但…而且
以上三个词做主语时,要用就近原则
eg. Neither you nor he has been to the USA.
Either he or you go to the park.
Not only my mother but also my father is a teacher.
neither of 两者都不
either of 两者选一
none of 没有一个
以上三个做主语时,谓语动词用单数
All of 全部 Both of 两者都
以上二个做主语时,谓语动词用复数
12、比较级+ than +any other +名词单数
…比其余任何一个…
比较级+ than + the other+名词复数
eg. Shanghai is bigger than any other city=shanghai is bigger than the other cities in China.
13、When(当…的时候), if (如果), as soon as(一…就), until(直到…才), unless(除非/如果…不)这几个词的时间或条件状语从句时,主句要用一般将来时.
从句一般现在时
eg. I will call you when he comes.
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will he a picnic.
As soon as I get to Beijing, I’ll come to see you.
He won’t go to bed until his parents come back.
Unless you work hard, you won’t catch up with others.
希望我的对你有帮助
一般将来时/过去将来时(宾语从句中)
请求和建议
直接引语 间接引语
If条件句
现在完成时
反意疑问句
How long faroftensoon
what's the matter.......
这个英语句子真不懂? 这是新概念 二 的练习题,这里说; I he already had lunch. he you had ...
练习改写为:He you seen the new play at "The Globe" yet?had这里是过去分词,he/has done 是现在完成时的构成,had就是这里的done (过去分词)
today--that day,tomorrow--the next day,here--thereseen 是过去分词
补he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时)充:过去完成时的构成是:had done
汉语语法“了”到底表示完成时还是过去时
返回动词的时态目录完成时是代表已经完成了,不是表示过去式。时态有过去式,就是过去发生的事。现在时--现在发生的事,现在完成时---现在完成的事,过去完成时---过去完成的事。
我们有专业、和科学的教学方法:
We he the most professional, aanced and scientific teaching modology
循环记忆法
Recycling memory mod
A.How soon B.How often C.How much D.How long和多媒体教学法
Picture and mul2、强调不同ti-media mod
逐步擦拭教学法
Gradual polishing and correction mod
加强式教学法
Enhancing mod
替换式教学法
Substitution mod
封闭式练习法
Total immersion mod
开放式练习法
Open mod
角色扮演/情境化教学
Role play/scenario based teaching
语言教学与文化结合教学法
Language and Culture integrated mod
过去完成时和过去完成进行时的区别
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.1、形式不同
1. I will nr do that again.过去完成式:had + past participle
过去完成式是不能单独用的。我们用的时候,必须有另一个。也就是说,如我们有两件事 A 和 B,两件事都发生在过去,但 A 发生在 B 以前,A 应该用过去完成式,B 则用过去式。
He had studied Chinese beforeMrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for sn years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) he came to Taiwan. 他到以前,曾学过中文。
过去完成进行时形式:had been doing
I had been studying.我在学习。
要强调较早发生的连续性,我们可以用过去完成进行式。占去完成进行式和现在进行式惟一不同的地方是 verb to he 的地方一定要用had 。
I had been watching TV before you called me.你打电话给我的时候我在看电视。
过去完成进行时与过去完成时的用法很相近,它通常表示一个持续到过去某时的动作:
He was still waiting.(有一个表示一段时间的状语)他一直在等。
3、用法不同
过去完成时在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句
She said (that) she had nr been to Paris.他说从来没有去过巴黎。
过去完成进行时这个时态很少用在否定句中,而多以过去完成时代替:
He had not practised English for many years.他很少练习英语。
英语语法!! 200分
二、 may, might11.1 一般现在时的用法
Action speaks louder than words..1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语: ry…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:
I lee home for school at 7 ry morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于东部。
3) 表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 证实了地球是圆的。
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
11.2 一般过去时的用法
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:
When I was a child, I often played football in the st5.间接引语用陈述句语序,句末句号,如:reet. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢。
Whenr the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。
It is time that . did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ,例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather . did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:I thought you might he some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for sn years. (含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:
Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗?
I wondered if you could me. 能不能帮我一下。
2)情态动词 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如:
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。
be used to + doing: 对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如:
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。
典型例题
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。
11.4 一般将来时
1) shall用于人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如:
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at sn this ning? 今晚七点回家好吗?
2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。
a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b. ,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。
3) be +不定式表将来,按或正式安排将发生的事。例如:
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如:
He is about to lee for Beijing. 他马上要去。
注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如:
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as sible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the ror.
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或。例如:
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排)
11.7 一般现在时表将来
1)下列动词come, go, arrive, lee, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:
The train lees at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。
2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3)在时间或条件句中。例如:
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。
I hope they he a n time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you lee the room. 离间前,务必把窗户关了。
一、 一般现在时:
1.概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
2.时间状语: Always, usually, often, sometimes, ry week (day, year, month…), once a week(day, year, month…), on Sundays,
3.基本结构:动词 原形 (如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式)
4.否定形式:主语+am/is/are +not+其他; 此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't, 如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。
6.例句:. It seldom snows here.
He is always ready to others.
二、 一般过去时
1.概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
2.时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
3.基本结构:主语+动词或be的过去时+名词
4.否定形式:主语+was/were +not+其他;在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。
6.例句:She often came to us in those days.
I didn't know you were so busy.
三、 现在进行时:
1.概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2.时间状语:Now, at this time, days, etc. look. listen
3.基本结构:主语+be +doing +其他
4.否定形式:主语+be +not +doing+其他
5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。
6.例句: How are you feeling today?
He is doing well in his lessons.
四、 过去进行时:
1.概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2.时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
3.基本结构 主语+was/were +doing +其他
4.否定形式:主语+was/were + not +doing+其他
5.一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。(个字母大写)
6.例句:At that time she was working in a PLA unit.
When he came in, I was reading a news.
五、 现在完成时:
1.概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。
2.时间状语:yet,already,just,nr,r,so far,by now,since+时间点,for+时间段,recently, lay, in the past few years, etc.
3.基本结构:主语+he/has +p.p(过去分词)+其他
4.否定形式:主语+he/has + not +p.p(过去分词)+其他
5.一般疑问句:he或has。
6.例句:I've written an article.
The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.
六、 过去完成时:
1.概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。
2.时间状语:Before, by the end of last year (term, month…), etc.
3.基本结构:主语+had + p.p(过去分词)+其他
4.否定形式:主语+had + not +p.p(过去分词)+其他
5.一般疑问句:had放于句首。
6.例句:As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books
基本结构:主语+had+p.p(过去分词)+其他
①肯定句:主语+ had+p.p(过去分词)+其他
②否定句:主语+ had+ not+p.p(过去分词)+其他
③一般疑问句:Had+主语+p.p(过去分词)+其他
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
七、 一般将来时:
1.概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、或准备做某事。
2.时间状语:Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
3.基本结构:主语+am/is/are +going to + do+其他;主语+will/shall + do+其他
4.否定形式:主语+am/is/are not going to do ;主语+will/shall not do+其他
5.一般疑问句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。
6.例句:They are going to he a competition with us in studies.
It is going to rain.
八、 过去将来时:
1.概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。
2.时间状语:The next day (morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
3.基本结构:主语+was/were +going to + do+其他;主语+would/should + do+其他
4.否定形式:主语+was/were/not + going to + do; 主语+would/should + not + do.
5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;would/should 提到句首。
6.例句:He said he would go to Beijing the next day.
I asked who was going there .
九、将来完成时:
1.概念:在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态
2.时间状语:by the time of; by the end of+时间短语(将来);by the time+从句(将来)
3.基本结构:主语+be going to/will/shall + he+p.p(过去分词)+其他
4例句:By the time you get back, great changes will he taken place in this area.
十、现在完成进行时:
1.概念:表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始,也可能仍在继续,并可能延续到将来。
2.基本结构:主语+he/has +been +doing+其他
3.时间状语:since+时间点,for+时间段等。
4.例子:I he been sitting here for an hour.
The children he been watching TV since six o'clock.
[编辑本段]动词语态
一、主动语态:
在语法机构上,主动语态和被动语态的区别主要在于,主动语态直接使用动词原形作为谓语,然后再在该动词原形的基础上施加时态和其他语法;而被动语态则使用系词+动词的过去分词作为谓语,各种时态和其他语法也施加在系词上。
二、被动语态:
英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍,许多课本及乃至实际应用中都常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动式。须注意的是,许多地方与汉语不同。注意那些汉语中没有"被……"的意思,英语却应该用被动态。还要注意,英语的被动态往往由"by"引出,而有用介词"by"的短语往往又不是被动态,而是系表结构。还有些特殊现象,如:known to man(人类......所知),on foot步行(美国人有时用by foot),in carraige(乘四轮马车)等等。还有主动,真被动的十几个常用词的用法,以及so hey to carry而不用so hey to be carried 等习惯用法。有关这类情况,做到心中有数对全面掌握被动态,准确无误地解答习题非常关键,被动态必须涉及的是动词的各种时态变化的问题。英语的时态本来很复杂,怎样记住各自的被动形式呢? 首先要明确"将来进行无被动,现在完成进行同"。这两种时态无被动形式。
另外,不及物动词带有同源宾语的动词,反身代词的动词和系动词都无被动形式。即便如此,还有不定式,动名词,分词,以及它们的复合结构)的被动态,再加上情态动词,助动词以及它们的疑问式和否定式从中掺杂,真是令人头痛,眼花缭乱。下面口诀就以动词do为例,即do did过去式done过去分词,以口诀形式总结各种时态的被动态,一定对你有所启示。
[编辑本段]虚拟语气
语气是一种动词形式,用以表示说话者的意图或态度。虚拟语气表示所说的话只是一种主观的愿望、设或建议等。虚拟语气可以用在非真实条件句、主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和定语从句中。本单元要求学员掌握虚拟语气的基本形式和用法;掌握情态动词用于虚拟语气;了解含蓄条件句;掌握虚拟时态与谓语动词时态的关系等。
[编辑本段]基本句型结构
句子按其结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。
一、简单句:
基本形式:简单句的基本形式是由一个主语加一个谓语构成。其它各种句子形式都是由此句型发展而来,如基本句型:
1.主语+谓语:
这种句型简称为主谓结构,其谓语一般都是不及物动词,例:
Things change.事物是变化的。
Nobody went.没有人去。
--Did you go by sea?你们走的是海路吗?
--NO,we flew.不,我们是飞去。
2.主语+连系动词+表语:
这种句型称为主系表结构,其实连系动词在形式上也是一种谓语动词,但实质上表语成了谓语,例:
Mr. Turner is an artist.特纳先生是位画家。
The milk turned sour.牛奶变酸了。
She became a lawyer.她当了律师。
3.主语+谓语+宾语:
这种句型可称为主谓宾结构,它的谓语一般多是及物动词,例:
We nr beat children.我们从来不打孩子。
My sister will fix rything.我姐姐会料理一切。
4.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语:
这种句型可称为主谓宾宾结构,其谓语应是可有双宾语的及物动词,两个宾语一个是间接宾语,一个是直接宾语,例:
He ge the book to his sister.他把这本书给了他的妹妹。
I'll write you a long letter.我将写给你一封长信。
5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补:
这种句型可简称为主谓宾补结构,其补语是宾语补语,与宾语一起即构成复合宾语,例:
I found the book easy.我发现这本书不难。(形容词easy作补语)
I'll let him go.我将让他去。(不定式go用作补语)
注意:有时两个或更多的并列主语拥有一个共同的谓语,甚至并列有两个主语和两个谓语,这样的句子仍然是简单句,例:
China and other countries in the east Asia are dloping rapidly.和东亚其它正在迅速地发展。(China and other countries并列主语)
Mr. Wang and I often work toger and each other.王先生和我常在一起工作互相帮助。
It 结构:
It 既是代词又是引词。作代词时,它可作人称代词、指示代词、非人称代词,用于前指、非确指或习语中。作引词时,它本身无实义,只起先行的作用。可作形式主语或形式宾语,真实地主语或宾语是不定式、动名词或名词从句,它们则放在后面。It 也用于强调句结构。如想强调某个词或部分,可用it is (was)+强调部分(主语、宾语或状语)+that(who)…的强调结构。本章要求了解代词 it 和引词it 的各种用法,重点掌握it 用于前指或后指;引词it 用于强调结构。
二、并列句:
两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。并列连词有:and, but, or, so等。并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要,相互之间没有从属关系,是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。
三、复合句:
复合句(Complex Sentence)由一个主句(Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause)构成。
主句是全句的主体,通常可以存在;从句则是一个句子成分,不能存在。
从句不能单独成句,但它也有主语部分和谓语部分,就像一个句子一样。所不同在于,从句须由一个关联词(connective)。
1、名词性从句:
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语能,名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
1)主语语从句:
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,wher,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatr,whor以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如:
What he wants to l us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。
Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English ning will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:
(1) It + be + 名词 + that从句
(2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句
(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句
(4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有:
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …
It is suggested (requested, proed, desired, etc.) that…
2)宾语从句:
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句的关联词与主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
1. 由连接词that的宾语从句
由连接词that宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must nr think (that) we are good in rything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。
注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如:
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。
2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whor, whatr, whichr等关联词的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如:
I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whor needs a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。
3. 用wher或if的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,wher与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用wher,不用if:
a. 主语从句并在句首时;b. 表语从句时;c . 从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如:
Wher there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
The question is wher she should he a low opinion of the test?现在的问题是她是否应该有一个低意见的测试?
Everything depends on wher we he enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
I wonder wher he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。
Can you l me wher to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留?
4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用
不同时态。例如:
he studies English ry day. (从句用一般现在时)
he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时)
I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时)
当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如:
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.
5. think, beli, imagine, supe等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如:
We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
I don’t beli he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。
3)表语从句:
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。表语从句的关联词与主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如:
The fact is that we he lost the . 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。
This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that而不是because。例如:
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .
【注意】wher 可表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于表语从句。
2L的我粘贴了点。他那的有好多的都是语法专业用词,对中考没啥作用些的。
1. 1名词
名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:
1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。
2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的体,如:family。
3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。
4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示:
_______________________________________
| |专有名词 | |
| 名 | | 个体名词 | |
| | | | 可数名词 |
| | | 集体名词 | |
| |普通名词 | | |
| 词 | | 物质名词 | |
| | | 抽象名词 | |
1) 以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:
如: two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
比较: 层楼:storey ---storeys story---stories
2) 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:
a. 加s,如: photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos;
b. 加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 均可,如:zero---zeros / zeroes
3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时:
a. 加s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs;
b. 去f,fe 加ves,如:half---halves
knife---knives leaf---lees wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---this;
c. 均可,如: handkerchief:
handkerchiefs / handkerchis
1.3 名词复数的不规则变化
1)child---children foot---feet tooth---te
mouse---m man---men woman---women
注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。
如: an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。
2)单复同形 如:
deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese
li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin
但除元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:
a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。
如: people pol cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a pol,a cattle,但可以说
a person,a polman,a head of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。
如: The Chinese are industries and bre. 是勤劳勇敢的。
4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:
a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。
b. news 是不可数名词。
c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 是1945年组建起来的。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.
<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses () trousers, clothes
若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers
6) 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼
1.4 不可数名词量的表示
1)物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。
比较: Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数)
These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,名词可数。
This factory produces steel. (不可数)
c. 当物质名词表示份数时,可数。
Our country is famous for tea.
我国因茶叶而闻名。
Two teas, please.
请来两杯茶。
2) 抽象名词有时也可数。
four s 四大自由
the four modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。
如:
a glass of water 一杯水
a piece of a 一条建议
1.5 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。
1) 用复数作定语。
如:sports meeting 运动会
students reading-room 学生阅览室
talks table 谈判桌
the foreign languages department 外语系
2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。
如:men workers women teachers
gentlemen officials
3) 有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。
如:goods train (货车)
arms produce 武器生产
customs s 海关文件
clothes brush衣刷
4) 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。
如:two-dozen eggs 两打/(二十四个鸡蛋)
a ten-mile walk 十里路
two-dred trees 两百棵树
a five-year plan. 一个五年
个别的有用复数作定语的,如: a sn-years child
1.6 不同的人的单复数
名称 总称(谓语用复数) 一个人 两个人
人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese
瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亚人the an two
俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians
意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians
希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法国人 the French a Frenchman two
Frenchmen
the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
美国人 the Americans an American two Americans
印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians
加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
德国人 the Germans a German two Germans
英国人 the English an Englishman two
Englishmen
瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
1.7 名词的格
在英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下:
1) 单数名词词尾加"'s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"'s",如the boy's bag 男孩的书包,men's room 男厕所。
2) 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加"'",如:the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。
3) 凡不能加"'s"的名词,都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。
4) 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barber's 理发店。
5) 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示"分别有";只有一个's,则表示'共有'。
如:John's and Mary's room(两间) John and Mary's room(一间)
6) 复合名词或短语,'s 加在一个词的词尾。
如:a month or two's absence
2. 冠词和数词
2.1 不定冠词的用法
冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词(the Definite Article),另一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article),还有一种是零冠词(Zero Article)。
不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做[en]。
1) 表示"一个",意为one;指某人或某物,意为a certain。
A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
2) 代表一类人或物。
A knife is a tool for cutting with.
Mr. Smith is an engineer.
3) 词组或成语。
a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / he a cold / he a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden
2.2 定冠词的用法
定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有"那(这)个"的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
1)特指双方都明白的人或物:
Take the medicine. 把吃了。
2)上文提到过的人或事:
He bought a house. I've been to the house.
3)指世上独一物二的事物:
the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth
4)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the dollar 美元;
the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。
5)用在序数词和形容词,及形容词only, very, same等前面:
Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪?我住在二层。
That's the very thing I've been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。
6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体:
They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)
They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师)
7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前:
She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。
8)用在某些由普通名词构成的名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前:
the People's Republic of China 中华
the United States 美国
9)用在表示乐器的名词之前: She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。
10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:
the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)
11) 用在惯用语中:
in the day, in the morning (afternoon,ning), the day after tomorrow
the day before yesterday, the next morning,
in the sky (water,field,country)
in the dark, in the rain, in the distance,
in the middle (of), in the end,
on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre
2.3 零冠词的用法 (如果是深圳的,初三就要教了,而且是单元.2009届的)
1) 国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:England,Mary;
2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词;
They are teachers. 他们是教师。
3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;
Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。
4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词;
Man cannot live without water. 人离开水就无法生存。
5)在季节、月份、节日、 日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;
We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词;
The guards took the American to General Lee.
士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词;
I can't write without pen or pencil. 没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。
9)当by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;by bus,by train;
10)有些个体名词不用冠词;如:
school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court 等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义;
go to hospital 去医院看病
go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)
11)不用冠词的序数词;
a. 序数词前有物主代词
b. 序数词作副词 He came first in the race.
c. 在固定词组中 at (the) first,first of all, from first to last
2.4 冠词与形容词+名词结构
1) 两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。
He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
The black and the white cats are hers. 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。
2) 如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。
He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。
2.4 冠词与形容词+名词结构
1) 两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。
He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
The black and the white cats are hers. 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。
2) 如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。
He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。
2.5 冠词位置
1) 不定冠词位置
不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意:
a. 位于下列形容词之后: such,what,many,half,
I he nr seen such an animal.
Many a man is fit for the job.
b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, howr, enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后:
So short a time.
Too long a distance.
c. quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。
但当rather,quite 前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可。如:quite a lot
d. 在as,though 的让步状语从句中,当标语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后:
Bre a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是发抖。
当名词被比较级形容词修饰时,不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。
2) 定冠词位置
定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all, both,double,half,tw,three times等词之后,名词之前。
All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。
2.6 数词
表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
一、基数词
1)基数词写法和读法: 345 three dred and forty-five;
2)基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数:
a. 与of 短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连 用,如scores of people 指许多人;
b. 在一些表示"一排"或"一组"的词组里;
如:They arrived in twos and threes. 他们三三两两的到达了。
c. 表示"几十岁";
d. 表示"年代",用 in +the +数词复数;
e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如:3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fif.
二、序数词
序数词的缩写形式: first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st
三、 数词的用法
1)倍数表示法
a. 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + as
I he three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。
b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size (amount,length…) of…
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。
c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ than…
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.
今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。
d. 还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍
The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.
今年粮食产量增加了4倍。
2)分数表示法
构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数:
1/3 one-third ; 3/37 three and three-snths.
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